The Wilson Family Gospel Singers Lives in Chatsworth Georgia
| Ethel Waters | |
|---|---|
 A photograph of Waters from her appearance in Motel in the Sky, 1943 | |
| Built-in | (1896-x-31)Oct 31, 1896[1] Chester, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | September 1, 1977(1977-09-01) (aged lxxx) Chatsworth, California, U.S. |
| Resting identify | Forest Backyard Memorial Park, Glendale, California, U.S. |
| Other names |
|
| Occupation |
|
| Years active | 1917–1977 |
| Spouse(s) | Merritt Purnsley (m. 1909; div. 1913) Clyde E. Matthews (m. 1929; div. 1933) Edward Mallory (m. 1938; div. 1945) |
| Relatives | Crystal Waters[four] (peachy-niece) |
| Musical career | |
| Genres |
|
| Instruments | Vocals |
| Labels |
|
Ethel Waters (Oct 31, 1896 – September 1, 1977) was an American vocaliser and actress. Waters frequently performed jazz, swing, and pop music on the Broadway phase and in concerts. She began her career in the 1920s singing blues. Waters notable recordings include "Dinah", "Stormy Weather", "Taking a Adventure on Love", "Heat Moving ridge", "Supper Time", "Am I Blue?", "Cabin in the Heaven", "I'grand Coming Virginia", and her version of "His Eye Is on the Sparrow". Waters was the second African American to exist nominated for an Academy Award. She was the outset African American to star on her own television show and the commencement African-American woman to exist nominated for a Primetime Emmy Honor.
Early life [edit]
Waters was born in Chester, Pennsylvania on Oct 31, 1896 (some sources land her birth year as 1900[v] [i] [6]) as a result of the rape of her teenaged African-American mother, Louise Anderson (1881–1962),[1] by John Waters (1878–1901),[1] a pianist and family associate from a middle-class African-American background. Waters' family was very fair skinned, her female parent in particular.[7] Many sources, including Ethel herself, take reported for years that her female parent was 12 or 13 years old at the fourth dimension of the rape, xiii when Ethel was born.[8] Stephen Bourne opens his 2007 biography, Ethel Waters: Stormy Weather, with the statement that genealogical inquiry has shown that she may have been in her late teens.[7]
Waters played no function in raising Ethel.[ix] Shortly after she was born, her mother married Norman Howard, a railroad worker. Ethel used the surname Howard as a kid and then reverted to her father's name.[ten] She was raised in poverty by Emerge Anderson, her grandmother, who worked as a housemaid, and with two of her aunts and an uncle.[11] Waters never lived in the same place for more than 15 months. Of her difficult babyhood, she said "I never was a child. I never was cuddled, or liked, or understood by my family."[12]
Waters grew tall, standing 5 feet 9.5 inches (one.765 m) in her teens. According to jazz historian and archivist Rosetta Reitz, Waters's birth in the North and her peripatetic life exposed her to many cultures. Waters married at the age of xiii, just her hubby was abusive, and she soon left the marriage and became a maid in a Philadelphia hotel, working for $four.75 per week. On her 17th birthday, she attended a costume party at a nightclub on Juniper Street. She was persuaded to sing two songs and impressed the audience so much that she was offered professional work at the Lincoln Theatre in Baltimore.[13] She recalled that she earned the rich sum of $10 per week, but her managers cheated her out of the tips her admirers threw on the stage.
Career [edit]
Singing [edit]
Afterwards her offset in Baltimore, Waters toured on the black vaudeville circuit, in her words "from ix until unconscious." Despite her early success, she fell on hard times and joined a carnival traveling in freight cars headed for Chicago. She enjoyed her time with the funfair and recalled, "the roustabouts and the concessionaires were the kind of people I'd grown up with, rough, tough, full of larceny towards strangers, but sentimental and loyal to their friends and co-workers." Merely she did not last long with them and soon headed due south to Atlanta, where she worked in the same club as Bessie Smith. Smith demanded that Waters not compete in singing blues opposite her. Waters conceded and sang ballads and popular songs. Around 1919, Waters moved to Harlem and became a performer in the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s.
Her starting time Harlem task was at Edmond's Cellar, a club with a black patronage that specialized in popular ballads. She acted in a greasepaint comedy, Hi 1919. Jazz historian Rosetta Reitz pointed out that by the time Waters returned to Harlem in 1921, women blues singers were among the most powerful entertainers in the country. In 1921, Waters became the fifth black woman to brand a tape, for tiny Key Records. She later joined Blackness Swan, where Fletcher Henderson was her accompanist. Waters later on commented that Henderson tended to perform in a more than classical mode than she preferred, often lacking "the damn-it-to-hell bass."[xiv]
She recorded for Blackness Swan from 1921 through 1923.[15] Her contract with Harry Footstep made her the highest paid blackness recording artist at the time.[16] In early 1924, Paramount bought Black Swan, and she stayed with Paramount through the twelvemonth.
She first recorded for Columbia in 1925, achieving a hit with "Dinah". She started working with Pearl Wright, and they toured in the South. In 1924, Waters played at the Plantation Club on Broadway. She also toured with the Black Swan Dance Masters. With Earl Dancer, she joined what was called the "white fourth dimension" Keith Vaudeville Excursion, a vaudeville circuit performing for white audiences and combined with screenings of silent movies. They received rave reviews in Chicago and earned the unheard-of bacon of U.s.$ane,250 in 1928. In September 1926, Waters recorded "I'm Coming Virginia", composed by Donald Heywood with lyrics by Volition Marion Cook. She is ofttimes wrongly attributed as the author. The following year, Waters sang it in a product of Africana at Broadway's Daly's 60-Third Street Theatre.[17] In 1929, Waters and Wright arranged the unreleased Harry Akst song "Am I Blue?", which was used in the movie On with the Show and became a hit and her signature vocal.[18]
Moving picture, theater and television [edit]
In 1933, Waters appeared in a satirical all-black flick, Rufus Jones for President, which featured the child performer Sammy Davis Jr. as Rufus Jones.
She went on to star at the Cotton Guild, where, according to her autobiography, she "sang 'Stormy Weather' from the depths of the individual hell in which I was existence crushed and suffocated." In 1933, she had a featured office in the successful Irving Berlin Broadway musical revue As Thousands Cheer with Clifton Webb, Marilyn Miller, and Helen Broderick.[xi]
She became the first blackness woman to integrate Broadway's theater district more than a decade after actor Charles Gilpin's critically acclaimed performances in the plays of Eugene O'Neill outset with The Emperor Jones in 1920.[19]
Waters held 3 jobs: in As Thousands Cheer, every bit a singer for Jack Denny & His Orchestra on a national radio program,[eleven] and in nightclubs. She became the highest-paid performer on Broadway.[20] Despite this status, she had difficulty finding work. She moved to Los Angeles to appear in the 1942 motion-picture show Cairo. During the same year, she reprised her starring stage office equally Petunia in the all-blackness film musical Motel in the Sky directed by Vincente Minnelli, and starring Lena Horne as the ingenue. Conflicts arose when Minnelli swapped songs from the original script between Waters and Horne:[21] Waters wanted to perform "Honey in the Honeycomb" as a ballad, but Horne wanted to dance to it. Horne bankrupt her ankle and the songs were reversed. She got the ballad and Waters the trip the light fantastic. Waters sang the Academy Award nominated "Happiness is Just a Thing Called Joe".[21]
Photograph of Ethel Waters in costume by Harry Warnecke and Robert F. Cranston.
In 1939, Waters became the showtime African American to star in her own boob tube bear witness, before the debut of Nat King Cole's in 1956. The Ethel Waters Testify, a variety special, appeared on NBC on June xiv, 1939. It included a dramatic performance of the Broadway play Mamba's Daughters, based on the Gullah community of South Carolina and produced with her in mind.[22] The play was based on the novel by DuBose Heyward.[23]
Waters was nominated for an University Honor for Best Supporting Extra for the movie Pinky (1949) under the direction of Elia Kazan after the get-go manager, John Ford, quit over disagreements with Waters. According to producer Darryl F. Zanuck, Ford "hated that old...woman (Waters)." Ford, Kazan stated, "didn't know how to reach Ethel Waters." Kazan afterward referred to Waters's "truly odd combination of old-time religiosity and gratuitous-flowing hatred."[24]
In 1950, she won the New York Drama Critics Circle Honor for her operation opposite Julie Harris in the play The Member of the Hymeneals. Waters and Harris repeated their roles in the 1952 moving picture version.
In 1950, Waters was the beginning African-American actress to star in a television series, Beulah, which aired on ABC idiot box from 1950 through 1952.[25]
It was the outset nationally broadcast weekly television series starring an African American in the leading role. She starred equally Beulah for the commencement yr of the Tv set series earlier quitting in 1951,[26] complaining that the portrayal of blacks was "degrading." She was replaced past Louise Beavers in the second and third season.[27] She invitee-starred in 1957 and 1959 on NBC'due south The Ford Bear witness, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford. In a 1957 segment, she sang "Cabin in the Sky".[28]
Personal life [edit]
Her first autobiography, His Eye Is on the Sparrow, (1951), written with Charles Samuels, was adjusted for the phase by Larry Parr and premiered on Oct seven, 2005.[29]
In 1953, she appeared in a Broadway show, At Dwelling house With Ethel Waters that opened on September 22, 1953 and closed October 10 subsequently 23 performances.[xxx]
Waters married three times and had no children. When she was 13, she married Merritt "Buddy" Purnsley in 1909; they divorced in 1913.[2] During the 1920s, Waters was involved in a romantic relationship with dancer Ethel Williams. The two were dubbed "The Two Ethels" and lived together in Harlem.[31] She married Clyde Edwards Matthews in 1929, and they divorced in 1933.[i] She married Edward Mallory[iii] in 1938; they divorced in 1945.[ane] Waters was the great-aunt of the singer-songwriter Crystal Waters.[four]
In 1938, Waters met artist Luigi Lucioni through their mutual friend, Carl Van Vechten. Lucioni asked Waters if he could paint her portrait, and a sitting was arranged at his studio at 64 Washington Square Due south. Waters bought the finished portrait from Lucioni in 1939 for $500. She was at the height of her career and the showtime African American to have a starring role on Broadway. In her portrait, she wore a tailored red apparel with a mink glaze draped over the dorsum of her chair. Lucioni positioned Waters with her arms tightly wrapped around her waist, a gesture that conveyed vulnerability, as if she were trying to protect herself. The painting was considered lost because it had not been seen in public since 1942. Huntsville (Alabama) Museum of Art Executive Director Christopher J. Madkour and historian Stuart Embury traced it to a private residence. The owner considered Waters to be "an adopted grandmother"[32] just she allowed the Huntsville Museum of Fine art to display Portrait of Ethel Waters in the 2016 exhibition American Romantic: The Art of Luigi Lucioni where it was viewed by the public for the outset time in more 70 years. The museum acquired Portrait of Ethel Waters in 2017, and information technology was shown in an exhibition in Feb 2018.[33]
Past 1955, Waters was deeply in debt for back taxes; the IRS seized royalties of her work. She lost tens of thousands in jewelry and cash in a robbery.[34] Her health suffered, and she worked sporadically. All the same she had faced lean times before.[35] A turning betoken came in 1957 when she attended the Billy Graham Cause in Madison Square Garden. She entered the Garden that dark a disillusioned, lonely, 61-year-old woman. She had get successful at giving out happiness, but her personal life lacked peace. She was in debt, had physical issues, weighed also much to perform comfortably, and was worried virtually her career.[36]
Years later, she gave this testimony of that nighttime, "In 1957, I, Ethel Waters, a 380-pound bedraggled old lady, rededicated my life to Jesus Christ, and boy, because He lives, just look at me now. I tell you considering He lives; and because my precious child, Baton, gave me the opportunity to stand there, I can give thanks God for the take chances to tell you His center is on all of united states sparrows."[37] In her later years, Waters often toured with the preacher Baton Graham on his crusades.[38]
Waters died on September one, 1977, aged 80, from uterine cancer, kidney failure, and other ailments, in Chatsworth, California.[39] She is buried at Forest Backyard Memorial Park (Glendale).[forty]
Ethel was written and performed past Terry Burrell as a one-adult female tribute to Waters. Information technology ran as a limited appointment in February and March 2012.[41]
Awards and honors [edit]
- Her recording of "Stormy Weather" (1933) was listed in the National Recording Registry by the National Recording Preservation Lath of the Library of Congress in 2003.
- Gospel Music Hall of Fame, 1983
- Christian Music Hall of Fame, 2007[42]
- Waters was approved for a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2004; however, the star was never funded or installed.[43] [44]
- In 2015, a historical mark memorializing Waters was unveiled along Route 291 in Chester, Pennsylvania to recognize her life and talents in the city of her birth.[45]
- Commemorative stamp, U.S. Post Office, 1994[46]
- Nomination, Best Supporting Actress, Academy Awards, Pinky 1949[47]
- Nomination, Outstanding Unmarried Performance past an Actress in a Series, Primetime Emmy Awards, for Route 66 "Goodnight Sweet Blues", 1962
- Three recordings by Waters were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, a special Grammy Award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least 20-five years sometime and have "qualitative or historical significance."
| Yr | Title | Genre | Label | Year inducted |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1929 | "Am I Blueish?" | Traditional Popular (Single) | Columbia | 2007 |
| 1933 | "Stormy Weather" (Keeps Rainin' All The Fourth dimension) | Jazz (Single) | Brunswick | 2003 |
| 1925 | "Dinah" | Traditional Pop (Single) | Columbia | 1998 |
Hit records [edit]
| Year | Single | US chart[49] |
|---|---|---|
| 1921 | "Down Home Blues" | v |
| "There'll Be Some Changes Fabricated" | five | |
| 1922 | "Spread Yo' Stuff" | 7 |
| "Tiger Rag" | 14 | |
| 1923 | "Georgia Dejection" | 10 |
| 1925 | "Sweet Georgia Brown" | six |
| 1926 | "Dinah" | 2 |
| "I've Constitute a New Babe" | 11 | |
| "Carbohydrate" | 9 | |
| 1927 | "I'm Coming, Virginia" | 10 |
| 1929 | "Am I Blue?" | 1 |
| "Birmingham Bertha" | twenty | |
| "Truthful Bluish Lou" | fifteen | |
| 1931 | "Iii Fiddling Words" | viii |
| "I Got Rhythm" | 17 | |
| "You Can't Stop Me from Loving Y'all" | 13 | |
| "Smooth On, Harvest Moon" | 9 | |
| "River, Stay 'Manner from My Door" | 18 | |
| 1933 | "Stormy Weather" | 1 |
| "Don't Blame Me" | 6 | |
| "Heat Wave" | vii | |
| "A Hundred Years from Today" | 7 | |
| 1934 | "Come and See Me Onetime" | 9 |
| "Miss Otis Regrets (She's Unable to Lunch Today)" | 19 | |
| 1938 | "Y'all're a Sweetheart" | 16 |
Filmography [edit]
Features [edit]
- On with the Show (1929) every bit Ethel
- Gift of Gab (1934) as Ethel Waters
- Tales of Manhattan (1942) as Esther
- Cairo (1942) as Cleona Jones
- Cabin in the Heaven (1943) as Petunia Jackson
- Phase Door Canteen (1943) as Ethel Waters
- Pinky (1949) as Dicey Johnson
- The Member of the Wedding (1952) as Berenice Sadie Brown
- Carib Gold (1957) as Mom
- The Heart Is a Rebel (1958) every bit Gladys
- The Audio and the Fury (1959) as Dilsey
Short subjects [edit]
- Rufus Jones for President (1933) every bit Mother of Rufus Jones
- Bubbling Over (1934) equally Ethel Peabody
- Let My People Live (1939)
Television [edit]
- Beginning African American, male or female, to star in own TV evidence, The Ethel Waters Show, which was broadcast on NBC on June xiv, 1939.
- Starred in title role of Beulah on ABC-TV from 1950 to 1951.
- TV guest appearances from 1950 to 1952 on The Jackie Gleason Prove, Texaco Star Theater, This Is Testify Business organisation, What's My Line?, and The Chesterfield Supper Club [l]
- Person to Person (1954)[50]
- Whirlybirds, episode "The Big Lie" (1959)
- Route 66, episode "Expert Dark, Sugariness Blues" (1961)
- The Hollywood Palace, hosted by Diana Ross and the Supremes (1969)
- Daniel Boone, episode "Mamma Cooper" (1970)
Stage appearances [edit]
- Hi 1919! (1919)
- Jump Steady (1922)
- Plantation Revue (1925)
- Blackness Lesser (1926)
- Miss Calico (1926–27)
- Paris Spring (1927)
- Africana (1927)
- The Ethel Waters Broadway Revue (1928)
- Lew Leslie's Blackbirds (1930)
- Rhapsody in Black (1931)
- Broadway to Harlem (1932)
- As Thousands Cheer (1933–34)
- At Abode Abroad (1935–36)
- Mamba'south Daughters (1939; 1940)
- Cabin in the Sky (1940–41)
- Laugh Fourth dimension (1943)
- Blue Holiday (1945)
- The Member of the Wedding (1950–51)
- At Abode with Ethel Waters (1953)
- The Vox of Strangers (1956)
References [edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g Bourne, Stephen (July 10, 2018). Ethel Waters: Stormy Weather. Scarecrow Press. ISBN9780810859029 . Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Dobrin, Arnold (July ten, 1972). Voices of joy, Voices of Freedom: Ethel Waters, Sammy Davis, Jr., Marian Anderson, Paul Robeson, Lena Horne . Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Internet Annal.
ethel waters husband.
- ^ a b Manning, Frankie; Millman, Cynthia R. (July 10, 2018). Frankie Manning: Ambassador of Lindy Hop. Temple University Printing. ISBN9781592135639 . Retrieved July 10, 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b "The Story of Crystal Waters' "Gypsy Woman (She's Homeless)"". Thump.vice.com. April 8, 2016. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
- ^ "Ethel Waters". Britannica.com . Retrieved July 10, 2018.
- ^ In her second autobiography, To Me, It'due south Wonderful, Waters stated that she was born in 1896. She had explained in the first autobiography, His Heart is on the Sparrow, that, in order to get a group insurance deal, friends had persuaded her to say that she was built-in in 1900.
- ^ a b Bourne, Stephen (2007). Ethel Waters: Stormy Weather condition . Scarecrow Printing. p. 2. ISBN978-0-8108-5902-9.
- ^ Hale, Ron F. (May 2, 2016). "Ethel Waters: The Sparrow that Soared". The Christian Index . Retrieved Jan 2, 2020.
- ^ McElrath, Jessica. "Remembering the Career of Ethel Waters". Archived from the original on February 18, 2009. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
- ^ Ethel Waters. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
- ^ a b c Robinson, Alice M.; Roberts, Vera Mowry; Barranger, Milly, eds. (1989). Notable Women in the American Theatre: A Biographical Dictionary . Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 903. ISBN9780313272172.
- ^
- ^ "Baltimore Afro-American". news.google.com. Baltimore Afro-American. September 12, 1959. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
- ^
- ^ Russell, Tony (1997). The Dejection: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray. Dubai: Carlton Books. p. 12. ISBN1-85868-255-10.
- ^ "The Rise and Fall of Black Swan Records". Redhotjazz.com . Retrieved March 20, 2018.
- ^ "I'm Coming Virginia (1927)". Jazzstandards.com . Retrieved March 14, 2017.
- ^ Bogle, Donald (2011). Heat Wave: The Life and Career of Ethel Waters . HarperCollins. p. 656. ISBN9780062041722.
- ^ Simpson, Janice (February 22, 2015). "Pivotal Moments in Broadway's Black History". Playbill . Retrieved March seven, 2018.
- ^ "Ethel Waters". Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved March 7, 2018 – via Contemporary Black Biography, Thomson Gale, 2005.
- ^ a b Looney, Deborah. "Motel in the Heaven". Turner Archetype Movies . Retrieved March vii, 2018.
- ^ "First Black Seen on Television". aaregistry.org . Retrieved February xv, 2018.
- ^ "Mamba's Daughters Broadway". Playbill . Retrieved March i, 2017.
- ^ Eyman, Scott (1999). Print the Fable: The Life and Times of John Ford. Johns Hopkins University. p. 361.
- ^ "Beulah: Harry Builds a Den". Idiot box.com . Retrieved May 14, 2020.
Some sources point that the series ended in 1953. The last episode, "Harry Builds A Den", aired on Dec. 23, 1952.
- ^ Lance, Steven (1996). Written Out of Television: A TV Lover's Guide to Bandage Changes, 1945–1994. Lanham, Maryland: Madison Books. ISBN1-56833-070-7.
- ^ "Beulah". Archive of American Goggle box . Retrieved March one, 2017.
- ^ Bourne, Stephen (2007). Ethel Waters: Stormy Weather . Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 96. ISBN978-0-8108-5902-9 . Retrieved November 25, 2010.
- ^ Jones, Kenneth (October 7, 2005). "His Eye is on the Sparrow, Musical Bio of Ethel Waters, Premieres in Florida Oct. seven". Playbill . Retrieved January 2, 2020.
- ^ "At Home with Ethel Waters Broadway". Playbill . Retrieved January 2, 2020.
- ^ "xvi Lesbian Power Couples From History Who Got Shit Done, Together". Autostraddle. March 31, 2017. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
- ^ "Huntsville Museum of Art celebrates Black History Month with newly acquired portrait of Ethel Waters". WHNT.com. Feb 2, 2018. Retrieved January ii, 2020.
- ^ Embury, Dr. Stuart (2018). Art and Soul - Luigi Lucioni and Ethel Waters: A Friendship. Huntsville, Alabama: Huntsville Museum of Art. pp. 3, 22.
- ^ Demand commendation for robbery
- ^ Unhurt, Ron F. (May 2, 2016). "Ethel Waters: The Sparrow that Soared". Christian Index . Retrieved July 21, 2019.
- ^ Knaack, Twila (1978). Ethel Waters: I Touched A sparrow . Word Books. p. 41. ISBN9780849900846.
- ^ Hale, Ron F. (May 2, 2016). "Ethel Waters: The Sparrow that Soared". Christian Alphabetize. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
- ^ White, Alvin Due east. (November 19, 1977). "Ethel Waters Remembered". The Afro American . Retrieved November 16, 2010.
- ^ Bogle, Donald (2011). Heat Wave: The Life and Career of Ethel Waters . New York: HarperCollins. ISBN9780061241741.
- ^ Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons (3d ed.). McFarland & Company. Kindle edition. Kindle location 49813.
- ^ Gioia, Michael (February 23, 2012). "Terry Burrell Is Ethel Waters in World-Premiere Musical Ethel!, Opening Feb. 23 at Walnut Street". Playbill . Retrieved January 2, 2020.
- ^ "Christian Music Hall of Fame". Christian Music Hall of Fame and Museum. January xx, 2008. Archived from the original on February five, 2008. Retrieved Feb half-dozen, 2008.
- ^ "A Star for Ethel Waters: Abode". www.ethelwatersstar.com. Archived from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved Nov xv, 2018.
- ^ "Ethel Waters". National Black Justice Coalition. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
- ^ Quinn, Rose (June fourteen, 2000). "Chester smashing Ethel Waters memorialized in marking on Route 291". Delcotimes.com . Retrieved September 25, 2017.
- ^ Tucker, Richard (July 3, 2003). "Ethel Waters: Commemorative Stamp". Ebony Society of Philatelic Events and Reflections. Archived from the original on September viii, 2008. Retrieved February six, 2008.
- ^ "Awards Database: Ethel Waters". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved Feb 6, 2008.
- ^ "Grammy Hall of Fame". The Recording Academy. 2007. Archived from the original on December 24, 2010. Retrieved February half dozen, 2008.
- ^ Whitburn, Joel (1986). Pop Memories: 1890-1954. Record Research. ISBN0-89820-083-0.
- ^ a b Bogle, Donald (2011). Heat wave: The Life and Career of Ethel Waters (1st ed.). HarperCollins. pp. 466–467. ISBN9780062041722.
Further reading [edit]
- Barnet, Andrea (2004). All-Night Party: The Women of Bohemian Greenwich Village and Harlem, 1913–1930. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Algonquin Books. ISBN1-56512-381-half-dozen.
- Johnson, Mayme Hatcher; Miller, Karen Eastward. Quinones (2008). Harlem Godfather: The Rap on My Husband, Ellsworth "Bumpy" Johnson. New York: Oshun Publishing Company. ISBN978-0-9676028-iii-7.
- Southern, Eileen (1997). The Music of Blackness Americans: A History. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN0-393-97141-4.
- Underneath A Harlem Moon past Iain Cameron Williams ISBN 0-8264-5893-nine
External links [edit]
- Ethel Waters discography Archived March 3, 2009, at the Wayback Automobile
- Ethel Waters at the African American Registry
- Ethel Waters at AllMusic
- Ethel Waters 1896-1977 at Cherry-red Hot Jazz Archive
- Ethel Waters recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
- Ethel Waters at the Cyberspace Broadway Database
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Waters
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